Human history has moved through several stages designated as primitive communism, slavery, feudalism and capitalism, each era successively having shorter periods. Of course different regions have had regional variations of this general scheme. The current stage, the industrial society/capitalism that began at the end of the 18th century is also coming to end, as the title of this section indicates. Various contributing factors and events are dealt with, the principal among which is the beginning of the end of availability of concentrated form of energy like oil. The chapter on alternative energy discusses that technological solutions alone cannot solve the present crisis and proposes that the real solution lies in a socio-political change based on scaling down of energy use and equity.
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